Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Strategic Coordination and Deepening Good-Neighborly Friendship and Cooperation

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, May 20 — Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Strengthening Comprehensive Strategic Coordination and Deepening Good-Neighborly Friendship and Cooperation

At the invitation of President Xi Jinping of the People's Republic of China, President Vladimir Putin of the Russian Federation paid a state visit to the People's Republic of China from May 19 to 20, 2026. The two heads of state held formal talks in Beijing and jointly attended the opening ceremony of the 2026–2027 China-Russia Year of Education. Premier Li Qiang of the State Council of the People's Republic of China met with President Putin of Russia.

The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as "the two sides") declare as follows:

I

This year marks the 30th anniversary of the two sides' declaration of their resolve to develop a strategic cooperative partnership of equality and trust oriented toward the 21st century, and the 25th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation.

The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between China and Russia inherits and carries forward the long-standing tradition of Sino-Russian exchanges, adheres to universally recognized principles and norms of international law, and lays a long-term legal foundation for the development of contemporary China-Russia relations. It not only fully embodies the time-honored good-neighborly and friendly relations between the two peoples and their desire to develop friendship from generation to generation, but is also a concrete manifestation of the common values of all humanity — peace, development, fairness, justice, democracy, and freedom.

The fundamental principles of bilateral cooperation enshrined in the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation have stood the test of time and remain of great practical significance today. On the basis of the principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence, China and Russia support each other's right to independently choose their social systems and development paths, mutually support each other in safeguarding historical and cultural identity and traditional values, and the bilateral relationship is characterized by non-alliance, non-confrontation, and non-targeting of third countries.

The model of bilateral relations development established in the China-Russia Joint Statement of April 25, 1996, and in the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation of July 16, 2001, has become the cornerstone of the China-Russia Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination for a New Era. Through the unremitting efforts of both sides, this relationship has reached its highest historical level and continues to advance, demonstrating mature characteristics, possessing endogenous momentum, free from any external influence; its stability and comprehensiveness fully serve the fundamental interests of the two countries and their peoples, serve the respective overall national development objectives of China and Russia, and make an important contribution to promoting a just multipolar world and the democratization of international relations.

The two sides agree to extend the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation in accordance with its Article 25, and will continue to abide by the principles and spirit of the Treaty and of the Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the 20th Anniversary of the Signing of the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation Between China and Russia issued on June 28, 2021, and will promote the continued development of bilateral relations to a higher level and of higher quality.

II

The two sides will take head-of-state diplomacy as the guide, comprehensively implement the important consensus reached by the two heads of state, continue to maintain close high-level exchanges, and ensure the efficient and smooth operation of mechanisms for exchanges between governments, legislative bodies, and political parties.

The two sides will continue to consolidate the traditional friendship between the two militaries, enhance mutual trust in the military sphere, improve cooperation mechanisms, expand joint exercises and training and joint maritime and air patrols, strengthen coordination and cooperation within bilateral and multilateral frameworks, jointly address various risks and challenges, and jointly safeguard global and regional security and stability.

The two sides will jointly combat the smuggling of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and their precursors and weapons, cybercrime, transnational organized crime, economic crime, cross-border corruption, and illegal immigration, and will strengthen cooperation in law enforcement capacity building.

The two sides will continue to strengthen bilateral cooperation in combating money laundering and terrorist financing through the exchange of financial intelligence, and will maintain cooperation within multilateral anti-money laundering frameworks. They will strengthen young people's awareness of and vigilance against the risks of money laundering and its predicate offenses, safeguarding the future security of both countries.

The two sides are willing to deepen comprehensive exchanges and cooperation in the field of emergency management, strengthen cooperation in disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief, and carry out cooperation in the prevention and control of work safety risks.

The two sides emphasize the need to protect memorial facilities for martyrs who died in the Second World War on each other's territory, and will continue to cooperate on the protection and management of memorial facilities, jointly advancing the search and excavation of the remains of martyrs and missing persons, commemorating and honoring heroes and martyrs, and improving the relevant legal and regulatory foundations.

The two sides highly commend the high-quality development maintained in bilateral trade and economic cooperation in recent years and its positive contribution to improving the well-being of the two peoples. The two sides will continue to strengthen communication and exchanges on trade and economic policies, consolidate cooperation in key areas, explore new growth points, promote the upgrading of goods trade and services trade, and resolutely defend the right to independently develop bilateral trade and economic partnership.

The two sides will vigorously develop cooperation in the fields of automobiles, shipbuilding, and civil aviation industry, enhance the level of cooperation, and, in the spirit of inclusiveness, and taking into account their respective domestic laws and national development priorities, will continuously expand cooperation in digital economy, artificial intelligence and other information and communications technologies, cross-border e-commerce, and the extraction of relevant minerals, jointly promote the implementation of key cooperation projects, and further unleash the potential of China-Russia cooperation.

The two sides support the implementation of projects in the chemical and metallurgical sectors, and have agreed to actively promote cooperation in areas such as joint mineral development and green standards.

The two sides note that investment cooperation between the two countries is conducted on the basis of equality and mutual benefit, facilitating the implementation of major investment cooperation projects, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of investors, and ensuring a fair investment environment. Bilateral investment cooperation is showing a positive trend, achieving high-level development and continuing to advance. The two sides are willing to continue to promote the improvement of quality and efficiency of investment cooperation, support the work of the China-Russia Investment Cooperation Committee, and better leverage the role of the Committee's Secretariat in implementing the various consensuses reached.

The two sides will fulfill the obligations stipulated in the Agreement Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Promotion and Mutual Protection of Investments signed on May 8, 2025, continuously optimize the business environment, enhance the level of investment facilitation and protection, and safeguard the security and stability of industrial and supply chains.

The two sides note the important significance of the China-Russia Investment Cooperation Planning Outline. In order to enhance the level of bilateral investment cooperation, the two sides are willing to increase efforts to support investment cooperation in the key areas listed in the Outline.

The two sides highly commend the fruitful results achieved in China-Russia energy cooperation, and have agreed to continue to consolidate and develop a comprehensive energy cooperation partnership, support enterprises in deepening mutually beneficial cooperation in oil and gas, coal, civilian nuclear energy, and renewable energy including green electricity certificates, ensure the safe and stable operation of cross-border energy infrastructure, facilitate the smooth transportation of energy, promote expanded dialogue between energy-producing and energy-consuming countries, jointly maintain the stability of global energy markets, and enhance energy security on the basis of the principle of energy justice.

The two sides will continue to advance the construction projects of Tianwan Nuclear Power Plant and Xudabao Nuclear Power Plant, ensuring their timely completion and commissioning. On this basis, they will deepen cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy, progressively advance cooperation in thermonuclear fusion, fast reactors, and closed nuclear fuel cycles, and, on the basis of the principles of mutual benefit and balanced interests, explore cooperation in the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle and in jointly building nuclear power projects through a "package" approach.

The two sides will continue to develop cooperation in the financial sector between the two countries, leverage the potential of the Financial Cooperation Subcommittee of the China-Russia Prime Ministers' Regular Meeting Committee, the China-Russia Finance Ministers' Dialogue, and other relevant sectoral cooperation mechanisms, maintain the progress achieved in local currency settlement, steadily advance practical cooperation between China and Russia in the banking sector and in capital markets, better serve the healthy and stable development of the two countries' economies and capital markets, and deepen cooperation in customs, taxation, and other areas.

The two sides will continue to advance bilateral and multilateral financial cooperation processes, strengthen communication and coordination on macroeconomic policies, achieve sustainable economic development, and effectively respond to global economic challenges.

The two sides are willing to comprehensively strengthen customs cooperation, actively carry out exchanges and mutual learning in smart customs cooperation, continuously enhance customs governance capacity, and continuously optimize regulatory services; deepen cooperation on "single window" interconnection and interoperability, facilitate bilateral trade, and continue to actively cooperate on bilateral information exchange issues.

The two sides are willing to take multiple measures to ensure the smooth operation of China-Russia border ports, actively carry out smart port cooperation, continuously accelerate the modernization of port infrastructure, simultaneously enhance the efficiency of two-way border crossing and customs clearance at ports, and comprehensively improve port interconnectivity. They will accelerate the construction of the road passenger and cargo port on Heixiazi Island (Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island).

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation in the field of air transport between the two countries, and encourage airlines of both sides to increase more passenger and cargo routes and flights in accordance with the aviation rights arrangements of the two countries and based on market demand.

The two sides reaffirm that, in the spirit of Article 9 of the Agreement Between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Eastern Section of the Sino-Soviet State Boundary of May 16, 1991, they will continue to carry out trilateral consultations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on the issue of access to the sea via the Tumen River; and, in the spirit of the Protocol Between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation on the Navigation of Chinese and Russian Vessels in the Waters Surrounding the Heixiazi Island Area (Tarabarov Island and Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island Area) of October 14, 2004, they will expedite bilateral negotiations on the draft navigation agreement for the relevant waters.

The two sides are willing to strengthen the construction of China-Russia cross-border transportation infrastructure and improve the efficiency of cross-border passenger and cargo transport. They will continue to organize cross-border cargo transport using unmanned driving technology. The two sides emphasize the important role of cooperation in the transportation sector, and will exchange experience on the legal regulation of the use of unmanned technologies in air, land, and maritime autonomous navigation.

The two sides will ensure the unobstructed operation of China-Russia cross-border corridor routes, strengthen mutually beneficial cooperation on China-Europe freight trains, maintain stable freight rates, and continue to support China-Europe rail, road, and maritime cargo transport transiting Russia. They will continuously advance practical cooperation in the development and utilization of the Northern Sea Route aimed at increasing cargo volumes and its overall development.

The two sides are willing to expand rail freight volumes for imports and exports between China and Russia and transit to third countries. The two sides will simultaneously strengthen the construction of railway border station infrastructure and rear corridor routes, build smooth, stable, and sustainably healthy railway logistics corridors, and jointly ensure the safety and efficiency of cargo transport.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the construction of cross-border toll road bridges, such as the Heihe-Blagoveshchensk road bridge. The two sides are willing to continue to develop the Europe-Western China international transport corridor and promote road interconnectivity among Russia, China, and Kazakhstan.

The two sides highly commend the prospects for further deepening the overall coordination of the trilateral mechanism with the participation of Mongolia and the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor, and will actively promote the implementation of key jointly-built projects and cooperation under the framework of this corridor. The two sides agree to provide assistance for Mongolia's accession to regional integration processes including the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in agriculture and forestry, further strengthen investment cooperation in the agricultural sector, and accelerate the cooperative establishment of a China-Russia Agricultural Cooperation Experimental Demonstration Zone in the Russian Far East, as a pilot project for the implementation of Russia's International Priority Development Area policy.

Deepening cooperation in the agricultural sector serves the economic interests of China and Russia and helps enhance food security in both countries. On the premise of ensuring safety and on the basis of risk assessment, the two sides will jointly commit to comprehensively expanding the categories and quantities of meat products supplied from disease-free zones in Russia to China, including cattle and pork by-products, jointly promote the resumption of exports to China of products from qualified Russian poultry enterprises, and deepen two-way trade in pet food between China and Russia. The two sides look forward to China providing a richer variety of animal and plant products to Russia, jointly promoting the export to Russia of products from qualified Chinese poultry enterprises, and further expanding the number of registered Chinese aquatic product enterprises exporting to Russia.

The two sides will further strengthen cooperation on the protection of wild animals such as Siberian tigers, Amur leopards, giant pandas, golden monkeys, and migratory birds, and strengthen exchanges on experience in nature reserve management.

The two sides have agreed to continue implementing major projects under national space programs that serve the common interests of China and Russia, actively advance cooperation in key areas of space including the International Lunar Research Station and lunar and deep-space exploration, and comprehensively enhance the level and quality of cooperation.

The two sides have decided to continuously deepen mutually beneficial exchanges in the field of satellite navigation, actively promote the implementation of the China-Russia Satellite Navigation Cooperation Roadmap for 2026–2030, and ensure the complementarity of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System and the GLONASS Global Navigation Satellite System for the benefit of users worldwide.

The two sides are willing to continuously strengthen cooperation in the coordination and use of radio frequencies and satellite frequency-orbit resources between China and Russia, and continuously deepen exchanges and cooperation between China and Russia in the fields of satellite internet and the Internet of Things.

The two sides have agreed to explore the establishment of a software cooperation mechanism to jointly empower digital infrastructure construction. They will deepen cooperation and exchanges in the open-source field, promote the industrialization of high-quality open-source achievements in key industries, and achieve common development in the open-source field of the two countries.

The two sides have agreed to strengthen close cooperation in the fields of environmental protection and water resources. They will continuously deepen cooperation in hydrological flood reporting and flood control for transboundary waters, and ensure flood control security in the border areas of the two countries. They will continue to deepen practical cooperation in the protection of transboundary water quality, maintain cooperation on emergency liaison for sudden ecological and environmental incidents, promote the construction of a transboundary nature reserve network, protect biodiversity, strengthen cooperation in waste management, and continue to promote nature conservation cooperation under the frameworks of the G20, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Northeast Asia Sub-regional Environmental Cooperation Program.

The two sides recognize the important role of standardization cooperation in promoting technological progress and trade facilitation between the two countries, and will further deepen standardization cooperation in key areas, including promoting mutual recognition of standards in automobiles, children's products, organic products, and other fields, and establishing a long-term information exchange and cooperation mechanism in the field of conformity assessment.

The two sides have agreed to continuously deepen exchanges and cooperation in intellectual property, provide higher-quality services to applicants and rights holders in both countries, and jointly create a favorable business and rule-of-law environment. They will promote the exchange of experience and sharing of practices in intellectual property protection in the context of the development of the digital economy and artificial intelligence technologies.

The two sides emphasize the importance of strengthening cooperation between China and Russia in the field of anti-monopoly policy. Under the practical cooperation mechanism in the law enforcement field, they will effectively expose and stop violations of anti-monopoly laws with cross-border characteristics. The two sides are willing to promote the implementation of the intergovernmental agreement between the two countries on fair competition and anti-monopoly, safeguarding the interests of the peoples of both countries.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the field of consumer rights protection, and jointly take measures to ensure an appropriate level thereof, including in the areas of cross-border procurement services, e-commerce, and tourism services.

The two sides consider metrology to be an important foundation for safeguarding international trade exchanges. Through the annual China-Russia Metrology Cooperation Working Group meetings, the two sides have achieved practical cooperation results in metrology fields such as energy and medical health. The two sides are willing to continue to carry out experience exchanges and mutual visits of technical professionals in the field of metrology, and have agreed to continue to carry out joint comparisons of national metrology standards in areas of common interest. The two sides are willing to continue to deepen exchanges and cooperation in the field of metrology.

The two sides are willing to promote the deepening of cooperation in the field of housing and urban-rural development, carry out joint research on "good housing" in cold regions, and strengthen mutual learning in professional fields such as "urban infrastructure lifeline safety engineering," urban renewal, and the application of digital and artificial intelligence technologies in the construction industry.

The two sides attach great importance to and welcome the positive development of cooperation between China's northeastern region and Russia's Far East, and between China's middle and upper Yangtze River region and Russia's Volga Federal District, in the fields of trade and economics, investment, and people-to-people exchanges, and support the strengthening of exchanges and expansion of cooperation between local governments and border areas of the two countries. The Chinese side welcomes the Russian side's policy promotion of International Priority Development Areas.

The two sides have agreed to deepen practical cooperation between China and the Eurasian Economic Union under the framework of the Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement Between China and the Eurasian Economic Union, and to continuously advance the alignment of the Belt and Road Initiative with the development plans of the Eurasian Economic Union in the fields of transportation, logistics, transit, digitalization, e-commerce, policy coordination and elimination of trade barriers, food, and agricultural product trade. The two sides consider this dialogue mechanism to be crucial for promoting trade cooperation, conducive to deepening economic integration and connectivity in the Asia-Pacific and Eurasian regions, and to promoting the common development of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Greater Eurasian Partnership. The two sides are willing to further upgrade and expand the institutional arrangements for trade and economic cooperation between the Chinese side and the Eurasian Economic Union and its member states, and raise the level of trade liberalization and facilitation.

III

The two sides uphold cultural and civilizational diversity, support each other in protecting cultural and historical identity and traditional moral values, firmly safeguard cultural sovereignty, do not impose their own values and models on others, and do not engage in ideological confrontation.

The two sides believe that the role of UNESCO as a universal intergovernmental platform for people-to-people exchanges should be further strengthened, to promote mutually respectful professional dialogue, facilitate efficient communication among member states, and enhance solidarity.

The two sides unanimously agree that people-to-people cooperation is an important foundation of public opinion and a spiritual bond in China-Russia bilateral relations, and that through educational connectivity, cultural integration, and youth interaction, the mutual identification of the peoples of both sides is deepened, laying a solid social foundation for political mutual trust and trade and economic cooperation.

The two sides fully affirm the results of cooperation in the field of education, and have agreed to further promote the establishment of partnerships between Chinese and Russian educational institutions, jointly hold activities, and promote exchanges of experience and good practices among educators of the two countries.

The two sides will hold the "China-Russia Year of Education" with high quality, advance practical cooperation in various fields, and deepen people-to-people exchanges. They will further promote the establishment of cooperative partnerships between Chinese and Russian universities and scientific research institutions, and facilitate the exchange of experience and practices in the educational field between the two countries. They will continue to expand the scale of two-way student exchanges, and strengthen the joint cultivation of high-level talent at universities of both countries. They will continue to build the China-Russia Institute of Basic Science Research, and support the joint establishment of a China-Russia Innovation Research Institute by universities of both sides. They will support the construction of the Alliance of Similar Universities of China and Russia, the China-Russia Middle School Alliance, and the China-Russia Vocational Education Alliance. They will continue to promote the teaching of each other's national language in their own countries, promote student exchanges between China and Russia, carry out activities such as China-Russia student summer schools and exchanges between Chinese and Russian primary and secondary school students in basic academic disciplines, enhance mutual understanding and trust among young students, strengthen communication and cooperation in the field of education within multilateral frameworks, and jointly strengthen international influence in the field of education.

The two sides believe that deepening cooperation in scientific and technological innovation is of important strategic significance for the two countries to enhance their development momentum and international competitiveness. The two sides will further consolidate the foundation of cooperation in basic and applied sciences and frontier technology fields, and promote high-level cooperative research. They will regularly carry out the selection of joint scientific research projects and continuously improve funding mechanisms. They will actively raise the level of mutual openness of major scientific facilities and carry out collaborative research. They will continue to strengthen scientific and technological exchanges and exchanges and joint cultivation of young scientists. They will deepen scientific and technological cooperation within multilateral frameworks such as BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, APEC, and the G20, and jointly enhance and tap the potential of scientific and technological innovation in promoting the economic and social development of the two countries.

The two sides highly commend the fruitful results achieved by the two countries in the fields of performing arts, museums, libraries, radio and television, and arts education under the framework of the 2024–2025 China-Russia Year of Culture, and will continuously expand the coverage of cooperation. They support the holding of the 14th China "Russian Culture Festival" and the 17th Russia "Chinese Culture Festival," the 4th China-Russia Library Forum, the 16th China-Russia Cultural Fair, the "Happy Chinese New Year" events in Moscow and other Russian cities, and the "Maslenitsa" (farewell to winter festival) events in Beijing and other Chinese cities. They will give full play to the platform role of the cultural centers established by the two countries in each other's territory, and carry out practical cooperation in exhibitions and performances, language teaching, cultural and tourism promotion, and youth and local exchanges.

The two sides have agreed to further deepen China-Russia film exchanges and cooperation. Under the framework of the Film Cooperation Subcommittee of the China-Russia Humanities Cooperation Committee, they will support the annual holding of film festivals in each other's countries, make full use of platforms such as the Shanghai International Film Festival, the Beijing International Film Festival, the Silk Road International Film Festival, and Russia's Moscow International Film Festival, "Message to Man," and "Soul of Fire" international film festivals, and strengthen exchanges of films and personnel. The two sides will commit to expanding the scale of co-productions, promote the establishment and deepening of ties between film institutions and personnel of the two countries, and continue to implement the Action Plan for 2030 on Cooperative Film Production Between the National Film Administration of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, jointly approved by the China National Film Administration and the Russian Ministry of Culture.

The two sides fully affirm the results of cooperation in the field of health between the two countries, and express satisfaction with the China-Russia Disaster Medicine Tactical Special Exercise and the International Symposium on Disaster Medicine held in 2026. The two sides will continue to advance cooperation in disaster medicine, biosafety, infectious disease prevention and control and cross-border transmission, medical education, the China-Russia Medical Universities Alliance, medical science and innovation; oncology and nuclear medicine, ophthalmology, psychiatry, maternal and child health, digital health, traditional medicine, and the safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, and other health fields.

The two sides will continue to strengthen close cooperation on international platforms in the field of health, jointly safeguard global public health security, and enhance the health and well-being of the peoples of both countries. The two sides have agreed to expand cooperation in the fields of biosafety, infectious disease prevention and control, and cross-border transmission through disease control departments.

The two sides highly commend the positive results of sports exchanges between the two countries and look forward to further strengthening sports exchange and cooperation.

The two sides affirm the positive results of the 4th China-Russia Winter Youth Games and the 10th China-Russia Summer Youth Games held in Russia. The two sides agree to continue the tradition of alternately hosting winter and summer youth games in China and Russia, and have determined that the 5th China-Russia Winter Youth Games and the 11th China-Russia Summer Youth Games will be held in China.

The two sides note the necessity of further developing exchanges between the two countries in traditional ethnic sports events of greatest mutual interest, strengthening inter-regional sports cooperation, and agree to use sports venues in China and Russia to conduct joint training and sports competitions including winter sports events. They emphasize the need to further expand cooperation in sports education and scientific research, positively evaluate the role of the China-Russia Sports Colleges Alliance, and support sports education institutions of the two countries in establishing ties through the cooperative holding of forums, conferences, and online courses.

The two sides plan to carry out cooperation in the field of anti-doping. The two sides advocate further promoting equal international sports cooperation and carrying forward the Olympic spirit and ideals. The two sides agree to continue to coordinate positions on sports cooperation within the frameworks of multilateral organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS, UNESCO, and the Asia Cooperation Dialogue.

The two sides affirm the effectiveness of the visa-free policy and its positive role in promoting trade and economic exchanges and people-to-people exchanges, and agree to further simplify visa procedures and continuously improve the level of facilitation of personnel exchanges between the two countries.

The two sides have agreed to further deepen cooperation in the field of youth policy, and carry out cooperative projects in areas such as patriotic and ideological-moral education for children and youth, youth entrepreneurship, volunteer service, creative industries, and new media. They will expand practical exchanges between local youth affairs departments and non-profit organizations, and jointly lead the youth agenda and advocate youth action within multilateral mechanisms such as the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and BRICS.

The two sides are willing to coordinate information support for major international events, promote coverage of the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the two countries and of bilateral relations, jointly respond to unfriendly actions by third parties that negatively affect media cooperation between the two countries, resist interference in internal affairs in the information sphere and the spread of false information that undermines cooperation between the two countries, and expand the information dissemination channels of both sides.

The two sides will deepen media exchanges and cooperation, jointly hold the China-Russia Media Forum well, promote mutual visits between mainstream media, strengthen joint talent cultivation, provide convenience for media personnel of the two countries to work in each other's countries, and carry out experience exchanges in the field of digital diplomacy. They will expand the practical application of new technologies in the media field and deepen practical cooperation between local media of the two countries.

The two sides support exchanges and cooperation between China and Russia in the fields of joint production in online media, content co-creation by online influencers, cultivation of online and new media talent, and the holding of major online media forums.

The two sides will deepen cooperation in the publishing field, actively carry out cooperative projects for the mutual translation and distribution of classic and contemporary works of the two countries, continue to participate in book fairs held in China and Russia, support the mutual holding of guest-of-honor country events, and will strengthen exchanges and sharing of experience and practices in copyright protection and utilization.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation in the archival field between the two countries, exchange experience in archival management, exchange copies of archives of mutual interest, jointly compile and publish collections of archival documents, and jointly hold historical archive exhibitions.

The two sides emphasize the importance of people-to-people diplomacy in multi-field cooperation between China and Russia, and positively evaluate the role of the China-Russia Friendship, Peace and Development Committee and the friendship associations of the two countries in strengthening social ties between the two countries and enhancing mutual understanding between the two peoples.

IV

The two sides note that today's world is marked by intertwined turbulence and transformation, intensifying geopolitical competition, and frequent local conflicts and instability. The global deficits in peace, development, security, and governance are growing, and international relations management is lacking. The two sides reaffirm their resolute opposition to hegemonism and unilateralism, and their opposition to the world reverting to power politics, and firmly safeguard the authority of the United Nations and its central role in international affairs. The two sides resolutely oppose the imposition of unilateral sanctions in trade, the discriminatory use of tariffs and other restrictive measures, and call on all parties to genuinely safeguard the multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core and maintain the stability and smooth functioning of global industrial and supply chains.

The two sides note that certain countries pursue hegemonism and cling to a neo-colonialist mentality, and that their aggressive policies are leading to increasingly intense international competition and a continuously rising level of tension in global affairs. These countries attempt to infringe upon the sovereignty of other countries, contain the economic and technological development of other countries, and create obstacles to impede the building of a multipolar world.

The two sides condemn unilateral coercive, punitive, and discriminatory protectionist measures taken by any country, bloc, or coalition of states that violate international law, the principle of sovereign equality, and the principle of non-interference in internal affairs. The two sides call for the cancellation of illegal unilateral coercive measures that undermine the purposes and principles of international law and the UN Charter, and reaffirm that neither side will impose nor support any sanctions inconsistent with international law that have not been approved by the UN Security Council.

The two sides note that, in accordance with the principle of sovereign equality of states established by the UN Charter, all states must strictly comply with international obligations regarding the immunity of states and their property (including sovereign reserves). The two sides strongly condemn any illegal acts of freezing, seizing, misappropriating, or otherwise confiscating the state property and assets of other countries, and emphasize that the victimized states have the right to take countermeasures in accordance with international law.

The two sides emphasize the important positive significance of the concept of building a community with a shared future for mankind and a series of global initiatives put forward by the Chinese side. The two sides will closely cooperate on issues of maintaining international peace, stability, and security, and will accordingly fully support and promote each other's initiatives in international forums.

The two sides emphasize the important significance of the Global Security Initiative put forward by the Chinese side for reforming and improving global security governance. They advocate that all countries fully, completely, and comprehensively observe the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, adhere to respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all countries, and oppose actions that infringe upon the fundamental interests of other countries, especially in the security field. On the basis of equal and indivisible security, they advocate resolving differences and eliminating the root causes of conflicts through peaceful means via dialogue and consultation, and improving global governance and the management of international relations.

The two sides resolutely condemn any external military coercion and actions aimed at undermining the unity and equal cooperation of the Eurasian continent. The Chinese side highly commends the Russian side's initiative to build an equal and indivisible "Eurasian security architecture," which aims to achieve long-term peace and stability in the region and create a development environment for regional countries free from the threat of external interference. The two sides call on all countries to adhere to the principle of equal and indivisible global and regional security, and to build common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable security.

The two sides are willing to explore cooperation around the Global Security Initiative and the Eurasian security architecture initiative, promote the exchange and alignment of security concepts, strengthen strategic coordination in the security field, jointly benefit the peoples of the region, and contribute to the maintenance of world peace and tranquility.

The Russian side attaches great importance to the Global Civilization Initiative, and is willing to jointly hold relevant commemorative events with the Chinese side in conjunction with the UN General Assembly resolution on the International Day for Dialogue among Civilizations, and to jointly promote exchanges and mutual learning among civilizations and enhance people-to-people bonds.

The two sides will continue to resolutely defend the correct historical view of the Second World War, firmly safeguard the fruits of victory in the Second World War as enshrined in the UN Charter and the charters and judgments of the Nuremberg and Far East International Military Tribunals, and resolutely oppose any attempt to deny, distort, or falsify the history of the Second World War.

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation in combating the glorification of Nazism, fascism, and militarism, as well as attempts to revive these non-constructive ideologies and deny the facts of genocide. The two sides note the importance of conducting correct historical education, protecting memorial facilities for the peoples of the two countries and martyrs who fought side by side and died during the Second World War, and opposing the desecration and damage of such memorial facilities. The two sides resolutely condemn acts that seek to exonerate those who colluded with and collaborated with Nazis, fascists, and militarists and committed war crimes and crimes against humanity.

The two sides emphasize that the authority of UN General Assembly Resolution 2758 is beyond question and challenge.

The Russian side reaffirms its adherence to the one-China principle, acknowledges that there is only one China in the world, that Taiwan is an inalienable part of Chinese territory, and that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing all of China. It resolutely opposes "Taiwan independence" in any form, emphasizes that interference in the Taiwan issue, which is purely China's internal affair, undermines peace and stability across the Taiwan Strait, and firmly supports the measures taken by the Chinese government to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity and achieve national reunification.

The Chinese side firmly supports the Russian side in safeguarding national security, stability, development, and prosperity, firmly supports the Russian side in safeguarding sovereignty and territorial integrity, and opposes external forces interfering in Russia's internal affairs.

The two sides note that launching military strikes against other countries without provocation, using negotiations as a cover for preparation, assassinating the leaders of sovereign states, destabilizing their domestic political environment, instigating regime change, and forcibly abducting and putting on trial a head of state seriously violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, seriously violate international law and the basic norms of international relations, and seriously undermine the foundation of the post-World War II international order and the civilizational foundation of inter-state exchanges. The two sides resolutely oppose and strongly condemn this, and point out that external destructive interference is the main cause of the current instability on the Eurasian continent.

The two sides reaffirm that they will further strengthen cooperation and coordinate positions through bilateral channels and international and regional multilateral platforms such as the United Nations, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, resolutely resist the spread of any extremist ideology that gives rise to terrorism and extremism in today's world, jointly combat the "three evil forces" (三股势力), especially terrorist organizations listed by the UN Security Council and other terrorist and extremist organizations that threaten the national security of China and Russia, jointly prevent and respond to terrorists' use of emerging technologies to plan and carry out terrorist activities, and jointly curb acts of supporting and using terrorist groups to achieve political objectives.

The two sides reaffirm their support for the international arms control system with the United Nations at its core, and support the role of multilateral arms control mechanisms such as the UN General Assembly's Disarmament and International Security Committee, the UN Disarmament Commission, and the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. The two sides will continue to conduct consultations and exchanges on arms control and non-proliferation issues at all levels.

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to maintaining and strengthening global strategic balance and stability, and the assessments and positions in the Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Global Strategic Stability signed on May 8, 2025, remain relevant. The two sides affirm the positive role of the Russia-U.S. New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) in avoiding an arms race, reducing strategic risks, and maintaining strategic stability, and express regret that the United States' irresponsible attitude after the treaty's expiration prevented it from being preserved in the form of voluntary self-restraint, and call on the United States to responsibly create the necessary conditions to promote coordinated action on strategic stability. The Chinese side commends the Russian side's initiative that Russia and the United States should continue to comply with the core limitations of the New START Treaty of April 8, 2010, which reflects the Russian side's commitment to maintaining predictability, restraint, and balance in this field. The Russian side respects the Chinese side's position on the issue of "China-U.S.-Russia trilateral nuclear arms control negotiations."

The two sides oppose various provocative and hostile actions by certain nuclear-weapon states against other nuclear-weapon states, as such actions harm the fundamental security interests of these states and lead to rising strategic risks. Certain nuclear-weapon states, obsessed with the supremacy of strength and seeking absolute military security advantages, are deploying military strategic infrastructure and other strategic offensive and defensive weapons in forward positions close to other nuclear-weapon states, and are expanding military alliances without restraint in violation of the principle of equal and indivisible security, increasing tensions among nuclear-weapon states. They call on other signatories of the Joint Statement of the Leaders of the Five Nuclear-Weapon States on Preventing Nuclear War and Avoiding Arms Races issued on January 3, 2022, to strictly and fully comply with its provisions.

The two sides note that the plans and actions of certain nuclear-weapon states and their allies to deploy ground-based intermediate- and shorter-range missiles outside their territories pose a threat to other nuclear-weapon states. Of concern is that the relevant missiles have short flight times and are suitable for high-precision large-scale strikes against important critical facilities and targets located within the territories of other nuclear-weapon states. At the same time, nuclear-weapon states and non-nuclear-weapon states within certain military alliances and blocs are implementing strategies such as "active launch suppression," "deep precision strike," "kill chain," and "counter-force capability," carrying out preemptive and preventive missile strikes, decapitation and disarmament of the enemy; such behavior is a serious destabilizing factor and constitutes a strategic threat to the targeted states. The two sides strongly condemn such provocative behavior that undermines regional stability and global security, and will jointly respond to it.

The two sides believe that the U.S. "Golden Dome" program aims to build an unconstrained global, multi-layered, multi-domain missile defense system to counter threats from all missiles from any "peer" adversary at all stages from pre-launch preparation to flight, causing significant damage to strategic stability. The program completely negates the core principle of maintaining strategic stability — the inseparability of the interrelationship between strategic offensive and strategic defensive weapons — significantly increases the risk of conflict in outer space, weaponizes outer space and turns it into an arena for armed confrontation, violates the purposes and objectives of the peaceful use of outer space under the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (the Outer Space Treaty), and makes the situation worse.

The two sides are committed to resolutely safeguarding outer space law with the Outer Space Treaty as its cornerstone, and to strengthening international cooperation in outer space on the basis of equality and non-discrimination. The two sides oppose unilateralist positions targeting outer space activities, and oppose the use of civilian and commercial spacecraft to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries or to illegally intervene in the armed conflicts of other countries.

The two sides oppose the placement of any weapons in outer space, the use or threat of use of force against outer space objects, or the use of outer space objects to use force, oppose attempts by certain countries to use outer space for armed confrontation, and oppose policies aimed at seeking military hegemony and defining outer space as a "combat domain." Accordingly, the two sides note that the U.S. "Golden Dome" missile defense system, which studies and implements space-based interception, has a serious negative impact on international security. The two sides emphasize that this program greatly increases the risk of armed conflict in outer space, encourages the placement of weapons in outer space and the extension of armed conflict to outer space, promotes the use or threat of use of force against outer space objects, or the use of outer space objects to use force, and departs from the purposes and objectives of the peaceful use of outer space stipulated in the Outer Space Treaty.

The two sides reaffirm the necessity of launching, as soon as possible, international negotiations on a legally binding multilateral instrument on the basis of the China-Russia draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects, and the consensus report adopted in 2024 by the UN Group of Governmental Experts established pursuant to Resolution 250 of the 77th UN General Assembly, to provide a fundamental and reliable guarantee for preventing an arms race in outer space. The two sides endorse the promotion of an international initiative/political commitment of no-first-placement of weapons in outer space on a global scale, thereby strengthening international security, ensuring equal and indivisible security for all countries, and enhancing the predictability and sustainability of all countries' exploration and peaceful use of outer space.

The two sides firmly safeguard the international nuclear non-proliferation regime with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as its cornerstone. The two sides resolutely oppose any actions by nuclear-weapon states or non-nuclear-weapon states that violate their treaty obligations.

The two sides are highly concerned about Japan's long-term large-scale stockpiling of sensitive nuclear materials without credible civilian use, and are vigilant about the unacceptable ambitions and extreme provocative behavior of that country's right-wing forces — namely, promoting the revision of the "three non-nuclear principles," including shifting toward a more destructive "extended deterrence" achieved jointly with allies that contains potential elements of "nuclear sharing" with allies, and even harboring delusions of independently possessing nuclear weapons — and urge the Japanese government to genuinely comply with its international legal obligations under the NPT and other instruments.

The two sides express concern about statements made by some nominally non-nuclear European countries that indicate a tendency toward nuclear possession, and call on the International Atomic Energy Agency to pay close attention and ensure appropriate oversight of nuclear materials and activities of such countries.

The two sides resolutely call on the relevant nuclear-weapon states and their non-nuclear allies to abolish as soon as possible their destabilizing arrangements such as "nuclear sharing" and "extended deterrence" among themselves, take necessary measures in their national and collective security policies, and not replicate new "nuclear sharing" or "extended deterrence" arrangements within their military alliances.

The two sides reaffirm that the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) should be fully complied with and continuously strengthened, including through the institutionalization of the Convention's mechanisms and the conclusion of a legally binding protocol containing an effective verification mechanism. No country should engage in any biological-military activities within or outside its territory that threaten the security of other countries and relevant regions.

The two sides reaffirm their commitment to building a world free of chemical weapons, and call on states parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) to take all necessary measures to achieve this goal, while promoting the return of the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to a non-politicized technical track. The two sides urge Japan to faithfully fulfill its obligations and at an early date fully and completely destroy the chemical weapons it abandoned in China. The Chinese side supports the Russian side's candidacy for membership on the OPCW Executive Council.

The two sides reaffirm compliance with export control obligations under the NPT, the BWC, and the CWC, and oppose certain countries using relevant mechanisms for their own selfish interests to technologically and economically contain other countries and to impose illegal unilateral restrictive measures.

The two sides are committed to promoting the implementation of UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/79/80 on "Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses in the Context of International Security," adopted in December 2024.

The two sides will deepen high-level strategic coordination in the field of information security, further strengthen practical cooperation in emergency response in this field, and exchange experience in the field of internet policies and regulations. The two sides express concern about the threats facing the global information security field. The two sides emphasize the key role of the United Nations in responding to threats in the information space, support dialogue and cooperation on information security under the framework of the UN global permanent mechanism on cybersecurity, adhere to the "rules of responsible state behavior in the information space," formulate universally accepted and common international rules on new issues such as international information security, data security, and supply chain stability, maintain an open, secure, stable, accessible, peaceful, and interconnected information and communications technology environment, and respect and support the principle of cyber sovereignty.

China and Russia note that artificial intelligence technology is one of the main factors significantly affecting the speed and quality of economic and social transformation, and are willing to promote the beneficial and inclusive development of artificial intelligence, and oppose certain countries using artificial intelligence as a geopolitical tool to maintain hegemonic status. The two sides support strengthening international cooperation in the field of artificial intelligence, releasing the dividends of intelligent development, and addressing potential risks and challenges associated with artificial intelligence. The Russian side welcomes the Chinese side's initiative to establish a World Artificial Intelligence Cooperation Organization. The two sides reaffirm their commitment to further cooperation on the military application of artificial intelligence technologies within bilateral and multilateral frameworks such as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Group of Governmental Experts on Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems.

The two sides are willing to use the platforms of international organizations to coordinate positions on scientific issues in the field of artificial intelligence.

The two sides attach great importance to protecting the safety and legitimate rights and interests of citizens, institutions, and projects of the two countries within each other's territories, and will strengthen the exchange of information on overseas and regional security through mechanisms such as consultations on overseas citizen security affairs. In the event of political instability, armed conflict, natural disasters, or other life- and health-threatening incidents in third countries and regions, they will provide support and assistance to each other in carrying out emergency protection and evacuation of overseas citizens.

V

The two sides reaffirm the important significance of the Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on Further Strengthening Cooperation to Uphold the Authority of International Law signed on May 8, 2025, firmly safeguard the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law, and the basic norms of international relations based on the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, strengthen strategic communication and cooperation within the UN framework, safeguard common interests and international fairness and justice, and oppose any attempt to falsify the fruits of the Second World War. The Russian side supports the global governance initiatives put forward by the Chinese side. The two sides are willing to coordinate actions on major issues of global governance and jointly promote the building of a more just and equitable global governance system.

The two sides emphasize that the UN Security Council bears the primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, reaffirm the necessity of complying with the provisions of the UN Charter prohibiting the use or threat of use of force, and accordingly condemn unilateral military intervention not based on the right of individual or collective self-defense or not authorized by the Security Council. They oppose and condemn any unilateral coercive measures that violate international law and are not authorized by the Security Council. The two sides attach great importance to the work of the "Group of Friends in Defense of the UN Charter" and will continue to actively participate in it.

The Russian side supports the Global Development Initiative put forward by the Chinese side, and will continue to participate in the work of the "Group of Friends of the Global Development Initiative." The two sides will continue to promote the international community's focus on development issues, increase investment in development, deepen practical cooperation, and accelerate the implementation of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.

The two sides firmly support the rules-based multilateral trading system with the WTO at its core, and jointly oppose unilateral sanctions and trade protectionist measures. The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen the cooperation and dialogue mechanism within the WTO framework, coordinate positions on global trade development issues, including through the BRICS informal consultation mechanism.

China and Russia will promote the implementation of decisions made pursuant to the outcomes of the WTO's 14th Ministerial Conference (MC14), promote consultations on outstanding MC14 issues, and facilitate the adoption of a package of reform measures including the "Yaoundé Outcomes Package." The two sides will firmly safeguard WTO basic principles such as most-favored-nation treatment, oppose unilateralism and trade protectionist measures, promote the updating of WTO rules to better respond to the needs of the times, and promote the WTO to play a greater role in global economic governance.

The two sides are willing to deepen cooperation within the frameworks of the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank Group, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the New Development Bank, and continue to advance financial channel cooperation in the G20, BRICS, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and APEC.

The two sides note that multilateral development banks, as independent financial institutions aimed at promoting the sustainable development of member states, play an important role in the global economy, and emphasize the need to ensure their non-politicization, equal and non-discriminatory access to resources for shareholders, including for construction projects in all member states. At the same time, they will ensure the sound operation of multilateral development banks and safeguard the common interests of all member states.

This year marks the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). China and Russia attach great importance to cooperation within the SCO framework. Together with all member states, the two sides will continue to be committed to promoting the SCO's strategic role in building a just multipolarized world based on universally recognized international law, cultural and civilizational diversity, mutually beneficial and equal cooperation among states, and with the United Nations at its center. The two sides will promote the deepening of cooperation within the SCO framework, making it the foundation for building a space of indivisible security and sustainable development on the Eurasian continent.

In this context, the two sides are willing to actively and steadily promote the implementation of the SCO's development strategy for the next 10 years, and promote the comprehensive improvement of the SCO, including amending the organization's treaty and legal foundations and preparing a protocol on amendments and additions to the SCO Charter, establishing and launching the SCO Comprehensive Center for Responding to Security Threats and Challenges and its branches and the anti-drug center. The two sides attach great importance to strengthening cooperation in the people-to-people and trade and economic fields, and establishing a project funding matching mechanism. The two sides will continue to consult on the establishment of an SCO Development Bank.

China and Russia emphasize that the principle of openness is the cornerstone of the SCO, and support the continuous admission of states that endorse the purposes, tasks, and fundamental principles of the SCO Charter and the "Shanghai Spirit" of mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality, consultation, respect for diverse civilizations, and pursuit of common development. They reaffirm their willingness to cooperate with all interested states and international organizations, including within the "SCO+" framework.

The two sides are willing to cooperate with the defense departments, security councils, anti-drug agencies, and other relevant departments of other SCO member states. The two sides reaffirm their willingness to improve cross-border infrastructure and electronic trade, and carry out cooperation in scientific and technological innovation, services trade, digital trade, energy, digital economy, sustainable development industries, higher education, and vocational and technical education, strengthen multilateral cooperation within the SCO framework in developing innovative industries to increase member states' GDP, ensure employment for young people, and strengthen economic and people-to-people cooperation, and support the SCO in playing a greater role in safeguarding the multilateral trading system, ensuring the security and stability of global production and supply chains, and promoting the reform of the global economic governance system.

The two sides welcome further practical cooperation within the trilateral framework of the SCO, the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to strengthen the capacity to respond to cross-border challenges and security threats.

The two sides note that the CIS plays an important role in ensuring stability in the Eurasian region and the comprehensive development of multipolar cooperation. They support the deepening of ties between the SCO and the CIS, taking as an opportunity the SCO's acquisition of observer status in the CIS on October 10, 2025.

The Russian side fully supports the Chinese side in successfully hosting the 2026 APEC meetings. The Chinese side welcomes and supports the Russian side's bid to host the 2035 APEC meetings. The two sides will further strengthen communication and coordination within the APEC framework, comprehensively advance cooperation during the "China Year" of APEC, jointly build an Asia-Pacific community, and promote common prosperity. They will jointly promote the building of an open world economy, help achieve sustainable and inclusive economic growth, promote the common development of the Belt and Road Initiative and the Greater Eurasian Partnership, advance the Asia-Pacific regional economic integration process, promote the building of a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific, and, based on their respective levels of development and legal systems, promote practical cooperation in areas such as connectivity, digital economy, information and communications technologies including artificial intelligence, transportation, energy, and inclusive and sustainable economic development.

The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen dialogue and cooperation within the BRICS framework and promote the high-quality development of "Greater BRICS cooperation." The two sides are willing to support India's BRICS chairmanship in 2026, consolidate the combined strength of BRICS countries in the three main directions of political security, trade and economic finance (based on the BRICS Economic Partnership Strategy), and people-to-people exchanges, and strengthen strategic partnerships. The two sides are willing to work with other BRICS member states and partner countries to jointly implement the consensus reached at previous BRICS Leaders' Summits, enhance the organization's international influence, and promote the establishment of close ties between BRICS countries and the broader developing world by attracting more partner countries to participate in the practical cooperation mechanisms of "BRICS+" and BRICS outreach dialogues. The Russian side supports the Chinese side's BRICS chairmanship in 2027 and the preparations for the summit, and is willing to provide necessary assistance. They welcome strengthened cooperation in areas such as safeguarding the multilateral trading system and advancing WTO reform, sustainable development, rebuilding supply chains, cooperation in special economic zones, promoting the digital economy, supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and green transition. The Chinese side welcomes the Russian side's initiative to establish a grain (commodity) trading platform within the BRICS framework.

The two sides highly commend the constructive cooperation between China and Russia within the G20 framework, and reaffirm their willingness to continue to strengthen coordination and cooperation within the G20 as the main forum for international economic cooperation, unite Global South countries, and promote the building of an equal and orderly multipolar world and an inclusive, non-discriminatory economic globalization, making world markets, supply chains, and related mechanisms more equal and open.

The two sides will, based on the fundamental principles of the G20's non-politicization, adherence to its economic mandate, membership composition, and consensus, jointly respond to global economic and financial challenges, taking into account the different development paths of various countries and their right to choose development models according to their own characteristics, and promote the development of the international order in a more just direction. The two sides commit to continuing to promote the reform of international economic and financial governance, and to helping enhance the representation and voice of developing countries.

The two sides reaffirm that the immunity of state officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction is an important guarantee for the stable functioning of international relations. Any act that violates international law rules on the immunity of state officials is inconsistent with the principle of sovereign equality of states. The two sides emphasize that senior state officials such as heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers enjoy absolute personal immunity (属人豁免), and that state officials acting on behalf of the state or exercising state functions enjoy functional immunity (属事豁免) when acting in their official capacity. It is unacceptable to take illegal actions such as arrest and trial against foreign state officials who enjoy immunity, such as heads of state, in violation of universally recognized rules of international law.

The two sides are willing to continue to work together to promote constructive dialogue and cooperation among all parties in the multilateral human rights field, advocate the common values of all humanity, oppose the politicization of human rights, double standards, and the use of human rights issues to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries, and jointly promote the healthy development of all aspects of the international human rights agenda.

The two sides commend each other's efforts to advance international anti-corruption cooperation within multilateral frameworks such as the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, and APEC, and are willing to continue to firmly support the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) in playing the role of the main channel in global anti-corruption governance, and to promote the building of a more just and equitable global anti-corruption governance system. The Russian side is willing to actively support the Chinese side in hosting relevant activities of the APEC Anti-Corruption Working Group in 2026. The two sides welcome the "Beijing Consensus on Strengthening Law Enforcement Cooperation and Denying Safe Havens for Corruption," and call on the international community to strengthen cooperation on the recovery and return of corruption assets with a "zero tolerance" attitude toward corruption, and to refuse to be safe havens for corruption.

The two sides welcome the adoption of the UN Convention Against Cybercrime by the UN General Assembly. As among the first signatories to the Convention, the two sides are willing to promote the Convention's early entry into force and effective implementation, and to actively participate in the formulation of additional protocols to the Convention, expand the criminal scope of application of the Convention, and strengthen international cooperation in combating cybercrime.

The two sides call for adherence to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and consider it of great importance to strengthen cooperation in addressing climate change and its impacts and achieving low-emission development. They reaffirm their adherence to the purposes and principles of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Paris Agreement. The two sides highly commend each other's ambitious 2035 nationally determined contribution greenhouse gas emission reduction targets submitted to implement the Paris Agreement.

The two sides welcome the holding of bilateral expert dialogues within the framework of the China-Russia Climate Change Liaison Group. They are willing to continue to strengthen exchanges and cooperation in addressing climate change and in the green and low-carbon field, including low-emission technologies, greenhouse gas emission monitoring, reporting and verification, cross-border carbon trading, and product carbon footprint assessment and accounting.

The two sides note with concern that certain unilateral protectionist measures impede the costs of climate action and just energy transition globally, especially in developing countries, and resolutely oppose any discriminatory unilateral measures taken under the pretext of addressing climate change, emphasizing that measures taken to address climate change should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade.

The two sides will continue to carry out cooperation in the field of transportation, strengthen land connectivity, and coordinately promote the building of stable and efficient international transportation and logistics corridors.

The two sides express concern about certain countries, transnational organizations, and their allies unilaterally obstructing international shipping, and consider this a threat to the integrity of the entire international supply chain and maritime trade. The two sides believe that cooperation in maritime infrastructure such as ports should follow market rules and commercial principles, avoid over-securitization and over-politicization, and jointly maintain an open and trust-based cooperative environment.

The two sides express deep concern about the confrontational policies adopted and related statements made by certain countries and their allies, and urge them to stop interfering in the internal affairs of other countries, undermining existing security architectures in various regions of the world, drawing artificial lines between states, and advocating bloc confrontation. The Chinese side notes the concerns of the Russian side arising from the EU's strengthening of defense construction.

The two sides note that pushing NATO into the Asia-Pacific region and building an "Asia-Pacific version" of NATO based on mechanisms such as the AUKUS alliance is not consistent with the task of consolidating regional peace and security. The two sides oppose attempts to undermine the ASEAN-centered regional cooperation architecture by actively building bloc alliances in the Asia-Pacific region.

The two sides emphasize that Japan's accelerating "re-militarization" poses a serious threat to regional peace and stability, and the international community and regional countries are highly vigilant about this. This year marks the 80th anniversary of the opening of the Tokyo Trials. During the tribunal's investigations, the scale of war crimes committed by Japanese militarists was found to be extremely vast, and the brutality and terror of their actions against civilians were unimaginable. The Japanese government is urged to draw lessons from this, acknowledge all the fruits of the Second World War based on its own history of inhumane aggression, and resist "neo-militarism" and "re-militarization," as these once brought immense suffering to the peoples of all countries and to Japan itself.

China and Russia highly commend bilateral communication and cooperation on the Korean Peninsula issue. The two sides maintain that safeguarding peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and promoting the process of political settlement of sub-regional issues serve the common interests of all countries in Northeast Asia and the international community. The two sides oppose the use of diplomatic isolation, economic sanctions, and military pressure to threaten the security of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, and urge the relevant parties to stop escalating regional tensions, stimulating an arms race, and abusing political means, and to take substantive measures to eliminate the risk of war on the Peninsula. Based on geopolitical realities, China and Russia support all relevant parties in achieving a balanced resolution of their respective concerns through political and diplomatic means on the basis of mutual respect for sovereignty. China and Russia will continue to maintain close communication and cooperation, and play a constructive role in promoting the process of political settlement of the Peninsula issue, building a peace mechanism on the Peninsula, and maintaining long-term peace and stability in Northeast Asia.

The two sides will continue to strengthen cooperation within the framework of the Greater Tumen Initiative (GTI), deepen cooperation among GTI member states in trade and investment, transportation, energy, digital economy, agriculture, tourism, and environment, and promote cooperation in the Northeast Asia region.

The two sides will strengthen cooperation with ASEAN, support ASEAN's central role in the regional architecture, strengthen communication and cooperation within mechanisms such as the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting Plus, and jointly maintain regional peace and stability and promote cooperative prosperity.

The Russian side supports China and ASEAN countries in jointly maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. The two sides believe that the South China Sea issue should be resolved by the directly concerned parties through negotiation and consultation, and resolutely oppose the involvement and interference of extra-regional forces in the South China Sea issue. The Russian side supports the Chinese side and ASEAN countries in fully and effectively implementing the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, and welcomes the early conclusion of a "Code of Conduct in the South China Sea."

The two sides acknowledge the important role of the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in maintaining regional security and combating cross-border threats and challenges such as international terrorism, illicit production and trafficking of drugs, organized crime, and illegal immigration, and believe that the CSTO and China have the potential for cooperation in maintaining peace and security in the Eurasian region and jointly preventing external attempts to destabilize the region.

The two sides believe it is necessary to eliminate the root causes of the Ukraine crisis on the basis of full, complete, and comprehensive adherence to the principles of the UN Charter, ensure the realization of common security, and build a lasting peace architecture. To this end, the two sides support all efforts conducive to achieving long-term sustainable peace, and support the continued pursuit of solutions through dialogue and negotiations. The Russian side positively evaluates the Chinese side's objective and impartial position on the Ukraine situation, and welcomes the Chinese side's willingness to play a constructive role in resolving the Ukraine crisis through political and diplomatic means.

The two sides will continue to be committed to maintaining stability and sustained socioeconomic development in Central Asia.

The two sides note that terrorism continues to pose a major threat to the security of Afghanistan, surrounding regions, and the world at large, and call on regional countries and the international community to strengthen bilateral and multilateral counter-terrorism cooperation with Afghanistan, support Afghanistan in taking comprehensive measures to eliminate terrorism at an early date, and ensure that Afghan territory is not used to endanger the security of neighboring countries and the region.

The two sides are willing to strengthen cooperation on Afghan affairs at the bilateral level and within multilateral mechanisms, and support Afghanistan in achieving long-term peace and stability at an early date. The two sides attach great importance to and support the positive and constructive role played by regional platforms such as the Afghan Neighbors Foreign Ministers' Meeting, the "Moscow Format" consultations on Afghanistan, the China-Russia-Pakistan-Iran quadrilateral mechanism, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the political settlement of the Afghan issue.

The two sides unanimously believe that the military strikes by the United States and Israel against Iran violate international law and the basic norms of international relations, and seriously destabilize the situation in the Middle East. They emphasize that the parties to the conflict should return to the track of dialogue and negotiations as soon as possible to prevent the spread and spillover of the conflict. They call on the international community to maintain an objective and impartial position, promote the development of the situation in the direction of de-escalation, and jointly defend the basic norms of international relations.

The two sides advocate achieving a lasting ceasefire in Gaza, believing that this will help maintain long-term stability of the situation and provide unimpeded humanitarian access to all those in need. The two sides confirm that the Palestinian issue should be comprehensively, justly, and durably resolved on the basis of universally recognized international law and centered on the "two-state solution," establishing an independent, prosperous, and territorially intact Palestinian state living in peace and security alongside Israel.

The two sides support Syria in safeguarding national sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial integrity, and believe that the Syrian transitional government should resolutely oppose all forms of terrorism and extremism.

The two sides unanimously believe that Africa in the 21st century has enormous development potential, and that achieving peace, stability, and genuine independence and self-determination is the foundation for the development of African countries and the modernization of the African continent, and will help inject powerful momentum into the development and modernization process of the entire world. The two sides call on the international community to support African countries in implementing the goals of the African Union's Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want through concrete actions, and to resolve African issues in an African way. The two sides oppose certain countries abusing coercive and pressure tactics in international economic and trade relations to interfere with and undermine normal economic and trade exchanges between African countries and other countries. The two sides are willing to continue to strengthen cooperation and practical collaboration with African countries and major African integration organizations such as the African Union, and jointly maintain a constructive atmosphere for international cooperation with Africa.

The two sides reaffirm their support for the status of Latin America and the Caribbean as a zone of peace, support Latin American and Caribbean countries' right to independently choose their development paths and cooperation partners, oppose any actions that violate the purposes and principles of the UN Charter and infringe upon the sovereignty and security of other countries, and oppose external forces interfering in the internal affairs of Latin American and Caribbean countries under any pretext.

The two sides express concern about the militarization of high-latitude regions by the United States and its allies, confirm that they will comply with international legal norms in the Arctic region, and respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Arctic states. The two sides indicate that the status of the Arctic as a region of peace, stability, and low military-political tension should be protected, and that constructive dialogue and mutually beneficial cooperation should be conducted in the Arctic region through multilateral mechanisms such as the Arctic Council.

President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping

President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin

May 20, 2026, Beijing